G02. Types of Korean Sentence

1. Sentence types by situation

 Sentence ending should be different depending on to whom and where you speak.

1) Formal Polite ending with '-니다. / -니까?'

・Use in the formal meeting. ex) 회의를 시작하겠습니다. 질문이 있습니까?
・News anchor speak in formal polite way. ex) 오늘 서울에서 BTS의 공연이 있었습니다.

2) Informal Polite ending with '-요/요?'

・Most common in use in everywhere. ex) 숙제하고 있어요. 점심 먹을래요?

3) Casual ending 반말: without '-요' from the informal polite sentence.

・Casual spoken language when the speaker and listener's relationship is very close like friends or family member. ex) 숙제하고 있어. 점심 먹을래?

2. Sentence types by purpose

The type of Korean sentences is  defined by its ending. 

1) Statement ending

"Verb stem+ -습니다/ㅂ니다" : formal polite ex) 식사를 합니다. 책을 읽습니다.

"Verb stem+ 아요/어요/해요"* : Informal polite ex) 식사를 해요. 책을 읽어요.☨

2) Asking Question ending

"Verb stem+ -습니까/ㅂ니까": formal polite ex) 식사를 하십니까? 책을 읽습니까?

"Verb stem+ 아요/어요/해요?"*: informal polite. its intonation is different from statement sentence. ex) 그 모자가 작아요? 책을 읽어요? 식사를 해요?☨

3) Ordering Action ending

"Verb stem+ -으십시오/ 십시오" : formal polite ex) 앉으십시요. 들어가십시오. 

"Verb stem+으세요/세요" informal polite and respect to the listener ** ex) 앉으세요. 들어가세요.

"Verb stem+ 아요/어요/해요"* less respect shows than '-으세요/세요' ex) 앉아요. 들어가요. 들어요. 조용히 해요.

4) Suggesting action/choice ending

"Verb stem+ -을까요/ㄹ까요?": shall we ~  ex) 여기에 앉을까요? 영화를 볼까요?

"Verb stem+ -을래요/ㄹ래요?': would you like to ~  ex) 여기에 앉을래요? 영화 볼래요?

"Verb stem+ -읍시다/ㅂ시다." Let's ~ (formal polite)  ex) 여기에 앉읍시다. 영화를 봅시다.

"Verb stem+ 아요/어요/해요"*: Informal polite  ex) 여기에 앉아요. 영화 봐요. 음악 들어요. 같이 공부해요. 

"Verb stem+ -자": 반말  ex) 여기에 앉자. 영화 보자. 음악 듣자. 같이 공부하자.

5) Exclamation ending

"Verb stem+네요/군요"


* -아요/어요/해요(여요)
1) If the last syllable's vowel of verb stem is 'ㅏ' or 'ㅗ' , then come with "-아요".
If its stem ends with no consonant, then the contraction occurs 가다+ 아요→ 가요.
2) If the last syllable's vowel of verb stem is the rest of vowels other than 'ㅏ' or 'ㅗ' , then come with "-어요".
If its stem ends with no consonant, then the contraction occurs 오다+ 아요→ 와요.
3) If the last syllable of verb stem is '하' , then come with "-여요". 하다+여요→하여요→해요
4) -아요/어요/여요(해요) For spoken languages, the type sentences are differentiated by intonation.

**-(으)시-: before ending add '-으시/시-' to show the respect to the listener.
 '-(으)시-+어요' → '-(으)세요' can use instead of "-아요/어요/해요" for the situation that needs to show the respect to the listener.